Long before universities and licenses defined expertise, knowledge was carried through observation, memory, and care. In this fourth installment of her series, Giulia Costantini explores the women whose healing practices, herbal wisdom, and lived experience sustained communities—and how their authority was later recast as superstition or witchcraft.Photo by Issac Garcia

In Episode III of Daughters of the Unwritten, Giulia Costantini explores how women's knowledge survived through silence, memory, and inheritance. Moving beyond written archives, she examines the gestures, warnings, rituals, and unspoken traditions that carried ancestral wisdom across generations.

In Episode II of Daughters of the Unwritten, Giulia Costantini explores the rural landscapes, folk traditions, and ancestral knowledge systems that existed beyond institutional authority. From Southern Italian folklore to the enduring wisdom of marginalized communities, Marginal Geographies examines how place itself became a keeper of memory, ritual, and resistance.