Historical records preserve trials, accusations, and verdicts—but they cannot fully capture the lived experience of fear, memory, and persecution. In this fifth installment, Giulia Costantini explores the limits of language, revealing how history, folklore, and lived experience often exist in the spaces that words cannot fully explain.

Long before universities and licenses defined expertise, knowledge was carried through observation, memory, and care. In this fourth installment of her series, Giulia Costantini explores the women whose healing practices, herbal wisdom, and lived experience sustained communities—and how their authority was later recast as superstition or witchcraft.Photo by Issac Garcia